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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IPJ</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Physiology Journal</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2578-8590</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Open Access Pub</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>United States</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IPJ-18-2548</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14302/issn.2578-8590.ipj-18-2548</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>in-brief</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Why Physiologically Cold weather can Increase Obesity Rates ?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nasim</surname>
            <given-names>Habibzadeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1841430196">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="idm1841429980">*</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="idm1841430196">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line>PhD in Sport Science, Department of Sport Science, Teesside University, UK</addr-line>
      </aff>
      <aff id="idm1841429980">
        <label>*</label>
        <addr-line>Corresponding author </addr-line>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp>
    
    Nasim Habibzadeh, <addr-line>PhD in Sport Science, Department of Sport Science, Teesside           University, UK</addr-line>, Email: <email>nasimhabibzadeh@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="idm1850787588">
          <p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-16">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>11</fpage>
      <lpage>13</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="online">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Nasim Habibzadeh</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="http://openaccesspub.org/ipj/article/932">This article is available from http://openaccesspub.org/ipj/article/932</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>Obesity generally accounts for a pathophysiological condition at which excessive body fats get accumulated in body parts. Among different - causes, ambient temperature  such as cold environment can dramatically develop    obesity in different individuals. Cold weather influences the hormones that are related to hunger and increases appetite toward overeating and subsequently inactivity . Controlling the calorie intakes through informative care is a good strategy to prevent or govern obesity at any situation such as cold temperature</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Cold weather</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Preventive strategies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="idm1841551228" sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obesity generally is a major  epidemic concern across countries. Obesity generally accounts for a                         pathophysiological condition at which excessive body fats get accumulated in different parts of the body. Obesity can be hereditary (or genetic) or can induce in short or              long-term in many ways <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850765812">1</xref>. There are six different types of obesity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="idm1842111316">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="idm1842111316">
        <label>Figure 1.</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Types of obesity</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="images/image1.jpg" mime-subtype="jpg"><alt-text>Figure 1. Types of obesity</alt-text></graphic>
      </fig>
      <p>Being obese or overweight dramatically increases the risk of a variety of illnesses and health problems. Obesity enhances risks of cardiovascular diseases such as                       hypertensions, heart diseases, stroke and diabetes                Mellitus. Certain forms of cancers are the outcomes of being obese or overweight. Extra weight in obese                  people increases the risk of arthritis and bone                    fractures. There is a greater possibility of falls during              perturbation in obese individuals. Obesity can lead to the mental health and depression too <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850769412">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850778244">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850837748">4</xref>. </p>
      <p>These aforementioned illnesses are non-fatal                difficulties of obesity which cause a high level of                       economic burdens across the globe <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850626740">5</xref>. Obesity is                         associated with a high risk of morbidity and all-cause                        mortality in large perspective every year. In fact ,obese  individuals are at a higher risk of early death than other           underweight or normal body weight counterparts <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850623932">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Sedentary life styles can significantly increase the states of being overweight or obese. Obese people are not interested to move much and do not perform any exercise or even leisure - physical activity each day. They are strong TV viewers and consume different types of fast or sweet foods without having any bad feeling about the amount of foods which they actually eat <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850611980">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Among different causes of obesity, the ambient temperature such as cold environment is one major             factor. Cold weather influences the hormones that are related to hunger and appetite and impacts overall metabolic rates. Cold weather exposures increase the energy expenditures or energy intakes that cause an increased appetite toward overeating to preserve the body energy level. Cold temperature enhances the desire of consuming more sweet foods such as cakes,                     chocolate and many different types of dessert that could significantly affect weight gain in the short term <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850608092">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ridm1850598660">9</xref>. Cold weather also can cause a kind of sedentary lifestyle for those who do not hold any specific social position. Thus, some people prefer to stay in a cozy and warmer                   environment in accordance with the condition which they have rather than being outside and to stay more active.</p>
      <p>Nonetheless, preventive strategies such as               performing some simple exercise like 10-15 minutes moderate walking even at home and governing the                 energy intakes can be effective approaches to prevent or control obesity. Different types of nuts, fruits and                 vegetables are good substitutes for sweet foods and               notably reduce the desire of using other fast - food              products. Controlling the calorie intakes through a                 balanced diet by increasing the general information about different diets and foods from various social media or other sources like dieticians is another good                       procedure to prevent obesity at any conditions and in cold ambient in particular.</p>
    </sec>
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